Analysis of Capital A Shariah-Based Comparative Punishment Provisions in Pakistan Penal Code

Abstract

This study explores the ethical framework of Islamic trade, emphasizing its balanced approach between the extremes of capitalism and socialism. Central to the discussion is the concept of kasb-e-halal (lawful earning) and the principle of tijarah (trade), which remains foundational in both traditional and modern economic contexts. The research examines how Islamic jurisprudence, grounded in prophetic teachings and the rulings of classical jurists, guides commercial transactions to uphold justice, transparency, and mutual consent. Special attention is given to the challenges posed by online trade, including issues of technical knowledge, trust, legal diversity, and digital fraud. The paper highlights the Shariah principles that govern documentation, contract validity, and ethical conduct, offering a comprehensive perspective on integrating Islamic ethics with contemporary digital commerce. By addressing these complexities through a fiqh lens, the study presents recommendations to foster a trustworthy and morally sound environment for online trade, ensuring sustainable economic development aligned with Islamic values.